It has been a while since we talked about the importance of citing and attributing sources for images and quotes, so this a good topic for today.
 
I write posts on writing craft for several blogs, amounting to five short articles a week. The way I handle my blogging commitments is this:

1. During the week, I make a note of any interesting topic that might make a good blogpost. The only day I write blog posts is Sunday, but I write the entire week’s posts that day.
2. If there is research involved, I make footnotes at the bottom of my composition document as I go. Getting five articles ready on my busy weeks could take the whole day. Usually writing the posts for the week only involves the morning.

 
So WHY did I mention making footnotes? Isn’t that just for academic stuff?
 
Not at all—we must give credit where credit is due. It’s your legal obligation, but there is a moral one here too: if you wrote something good and someone quoted you verbatim, wouldn’t you want to be credited?
 
First let’s talk images:
 
When we first begin blogging, sourcing images seems like no big deal. You google what you want, see what images pop up, right click, copy, and use them, right?
 
Wrong! Don’t do it!
 
You can get into terrible financial trouble and lose your credibility. A friend recently pointed a telling blogpost out, and it bears being referenced here again: The $7,500 Blogging Mistake That Every Blogger Needs to Avoid!
 
So, now that we are clear as to our legal responsibility, what does the cash-strapped author do?
 
An excellent article on using Creative Commons Images can be found here:

• What Is Creative Commons, And Should You Use It?

 
I use Wikimedia Commons and Public Domain images. Wikimedia makes it easy for you to get the attributions and licensing for each image. Another good source is Allthefreestock.com, where you can find hundreds of free stock photos, music, and many other things for your blog and other projects.
 
Sometimes I need images I can only get by purchasing the rights, and for those, I go to Dreamstime or Canstock, and several other reputable sources. For a few dollars, usually only two or three, I then have the right to use the image of my choice, and it’s properly licensed. The proper legal attribution is also there on the seller’s website, clearly written out with the copyright and artist name, so all you need do is copy and paste it to your footnotes.
 
I keep a log of where my images are sourced, who created them, and what I used them in. I also insert the attribution into the image details on my website so that when a mouse hovers over the image, curious readers can go to the source. (In WordPress, you must be on the WP Admin dashboard. Click on the image and go to ‘edit details’). If you can do this, you won’t have to credit them in your footnotes.
 
That is all well and fine for images, but what about quoting an article or other literary work? Sometimes we want to quote another blogger or use the information we have learned from them. 
 
Plagiarism is an ugly word, and you never want to be accused of it. To that end, we cite our sources—but there is a caveat here:

1. If we are quoting from a book and we intend to publish that passage in our book, we go to the publisher and get legal written permission to do so.
2. If we can’t get legal written permission to quote them in our book, we do not use that quote.

 
Citing sources for a blogpost or short essay:
 
First, I open a document in my word-processing program (I use Word), save it as whatever the title of the post is in that blog’s file folder, and compose my post the way I would write a story.

• Composing the body of my post in a document rather than the content area of the blog-template allows me to spell check and edit my work first, and I feel more comfortable writing in a document rather than the content-window.

I keep a log at the bottom of my page of what website, who the author was, the date of publication, and the date I accessed it. I have found the simplest method is to list them in this order:

1. Author/contributors (for Wikipedia quotes, use “Wikipedia Contributors” rather than author names)
2. Title of article/book
3. Publication or website title
4. Link to the article
5. Date you accessed it

 
Simple attributions/citations will look like this:
Wikipedia contributors, "Gallows humor," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallows_humor&oldid=759474185     (accessed  January 30, 2017).
 
When you quote from Wikipedia, citation is simple. All you do is click on the ‘cite this page’ link in the left-hand column, which is a menu of items pertaining to Wikipedia in general and to that article. ‘Cite this page’ is listed under ‘tools.’ Clicking on this link takes you to a page offering citations for that page in CMoS, APA, or MLA style, whichever suits your need. All you need to do is copy and paste the one you prefer into your footnotes, and your due diligence has been done.
 
All this information for your footnotes should be inserted at the BOTTOM of your current document, so everything you need for your blog post is all in one place. When my blog article is complete and ready to post, I will insert a line to separate the body of the post from the credits and attribution notes.
 
When readers view my blog, if my post were one that I did research for, they would see this at the bottom of the post:
 
Authors need to blog about who they are and what they do because they can connect with potential readers that way. Using pictures and quoting good sources makes blogs more interesting and informative.
 
Photographers and artists are just like writers—they are proud of their work and want to be credited for it. Protect yourself and your work by responsibly sourcing your images, giving credit to the authors and artists whose work you use.

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CREDITS and Attributions

Portions of this article first appeared here on the Northwest Independent Writers’ Association  Blog in January of 2017, written by Connie J. Jasperson, © 2017.
Connie J. Jasperson is an author and blogger and can be found blogging regularly at Life in the Realm of Fantasy.

Today, I have five thoughts for your consideration:
 
One: Some people don’t know what to do with commas and attempt to do without them altogether. This is not a good idea. Commas are to clauses what traffic signals are to streets—they govern the flow of traffic, although, in the case of sentences, the traffic is comprised of words, not cars.

• Commas follow introductory words and clauses. Instead, they took a left turn.
• Commas set off “asides.” Her sister, Sara, brought coffee.
• Commas separate words in lists: We bought apples, oranges, and papayas for the salad.
• Commas join two complete sentences, and once joined, they form one longer sentence. My dog ran away, but the neighbor found him.
• When used too freely, linked clauses can create run-on sentences. My dog ran away, and the neighbor found him, but the poor thing was cold and hungry.
• Commas frequently precede conjunctions but only when linking complete clauses. When linking a dependent clause to a complete clause, don’t insert a comma. “I intended to come back to the Swords but found myself here instead.”
• Amatures use comma splices—professionals do not. You do not join independent clauses (clauses that can stand alone as separate sentences) with commas, unless you follow the comma with a conjunction, and ONLY if the two clauses reference the same thought. 

 
Comma Splice: My car is a blue Chevy Malibu and I like it, the dog likes to ride shotgun.
 
Same two thoughts, written correctly: My car is a blue Chevy Malibu, and I like it. The dog likes to ride shotgun.
 
Consider how many sentences you link together with the word and. Could brevity strengthen your prose? Conjunctions are the gateway to run-on sentence hell. If you are deliberate in your use of conjunctions, you will also use fewer commas. Craft your prose and use common grammatical sense.
 
Two: Don’t write self-indulgent drivel. Go lightly with the praise, adoration, and general lauding of your characters’ accomplishments.
 
Three: Use active phrasing. There were Small colorful flowers growing grew in each raised bed. and some slightly Larger flowering plants growing grew around the fountain at the center. With a mixture of mild pastels and vivid colors, it was beautiful.
 
Four: Don’t waste words describing each change of expression and mood. Consider this hot mess of fifty-one words that make no sense: Eleanor looked at Gerard with concern. His voice changed so much in the telling of the story as his emotions came to the surface that it still seemed so raw, as if Timmy’s death had happened only days ago. In addition, his expressions also changed and his current one was akin to despair.
 
It could be cut down to fourteen words that convey the important parts of the sentence: Gerard’s raw despair concerned Eleanor, seeming as if Timmy’s death had happened only days before.
 
Five: Simplicity is sometimes best. “Delicious sounds captivated their eardrums.” 
 
Please, oh, please--just say it sounded amazing. If music touches the protagonist’s soul, it’s good to say so. We want to convey the fact the music was wonderful, and we don’t want to be boring. But when we try to get too artful, the prose can become awkward. Odors and sounds are part of the background, the atmosphere of the piece and while they need to be there, we don’t want them to be obtrusive, in-your-face. This is an instance of prose working better when it isn’t fancy.
 
Five thoughts to get your writing week started–now, go! Write like the wind!
 
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Five Thoughts on Writing, © 2018 by Connie J. Jasperson, was first published on Life in the Realm of Fantasy on May 7, 2018. Reprinted by permission.
Connie J. Jasperson is an author and blogger and can be found blogging regularly at Life in the Realm of Fantasy.